What If Hazard Analysis is one of the most powerful hazard ID tools because it provides an easy to use way that can capture the expertise of experienced personnel. WIT is a structured brainstorming approach using a group of experienced personnel to ask questions of determining what things can go wrong. An experienced review team can effectively and productively discern major issues concerning a process or system.

• Positive logic diagram: What do we need to get it right? It works from a safe outcome in the top block back to the factors that must be in place to produce it.
• Negative logic diagram: What factors can impair the mission? Select a loss event into the top block and then identify what factors could produce it.
• Risk event logic diagram: What will be the outcome of a hazard? This variation selects a risk event to the top block and then examines the possible consequences of the event.

The cause and effect diagram is provides more structure than the logic diagram through the branches that give it one of its alternate names, the fishbone diagram.

By ranking the risks, a worst first basis can be built. The highest risk hazard is placed at the top of the list with progressively less risky hazards displayed in order of priority below it. This is vital because risk control resources are always limited and should be directed at the big problems first to assure maximum benefit.

Major Options List provides eight major risk control strategies as follows: Reject, Avoid, Delay, Transfer, Spread, Compensate, Increase and Reduce.

In most cases it will not be possible to eliminate risk entirely, but it will be possible to significantly reduce it. There are forty five risk reduction options available. These have been captured in the Control Options Matrix

HAZOP analysis is a structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risks to personnel or equipment. The special role of the HAZOP is hazard analysis of completely new operations. In these situations, traditional intuitive and experiential hazard ID procedures are especially weak. Because they are totally new, no one has any experience and there is little basis for intuition.

Major Types of Energy are as follows:

• Electrical   (socket, power line, voltage transformer)
• Kinetic     (moving mass e.g. a vehicle, a machine part, a roller chain, a conveyer belt)
• Potential   (not moving mass e.g. a heavy object suspended overhead)
• Chemical   (explosives, self-heating substances, flammables, corrosive materials)
• Noise and Vibration  (power plant, compressor, motor)
• Thermal   (heat, fire, high temperature surface)
• Radiation  (Nonionizing e.g. microwave, and ionizing e.g. nuclear radiation, x-rays)
• Pressure   (air pressure, water pressure, oil pressure, fluid pressure)

Research has established that there are certain indicators that show a statistically significant correlation with high risk of mishap involvement. The assessment covers the five reasons for human error accidents. Answer the questions for each person you rate. See what their risk is, what the reasons will be, and what you can do to reduce the risk.

Human error is responsible for 80 percent of all accidents. These accident-causing mistakes happen for a number of reasons. This form is based on the top five reasons for human-error accidents involving self-discipline, leadership, training, standards, and support. This form can help you figure out, on your own, what risk level you are being. To rate yourself, answer each question honestly and total the points to learn where you can reduce your personal risk level.

• Checklist analysis is a systematic evaluation against pre-established criteria in the form of one or more checklists.
• Used for high-level or detailed analysis, including root cause analysis
• Applicable to any activity or system, including equipment issues and human factors issues
• Generates qualitative lists of conformance and nonconformance determinations, with recommendations for correcting non-conformances
• The quality of evaluation is determined primarily by the experience of people creating the checklists and the training of the checklist users
• Used most often to guide inspection of critical systems
• Also used as a supplement to or integral part of another method, especially what-if analysis, to address specific requirements

A job safety analysis is a technique that focuses on accepted safety and health principles and practices as a way to identify hazards before they occur. In a JSA, each basic step of the job is to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job. Four basic steps in conducting a JSA are:
1. Selecting the job to be analyzed
2. Breaking the job down into a sequence of the individual job steps
3. Identifying potential hazards
4. Determining preventive measures to overcome these hazards

A behaviour observation scale (BOS) is an appraisal method that measures behaviour against levels of performance and also measures the frequency with which the behaviors occur. It uses modern performance management technology to create performance improvements in risk critical areas and is designed to improve performance in risk critical behavioral areas and create a high degree of positive employee involvement.

The purpose of Training Realism Assessment is to help locate and eliminate if possible unnecessary restrictions on training realism and effectiveness. TRA should be applied to all training operations involving any degree of risk.

When managing in the policy development process, there are a number of opportunities to participate but these opportunities often present risks that need to be considered. This tool is meant to present some ideas on risk and opportunity assessment to enhance mission capabilities by eliminating risk barriers or cutting risk control costs. Five basic steps in conducting an opportunity assessment are:
1.  Assess important organization missions.
2.  Identify those with significant risk-based limitations.
3.  Prioritize based on mission significance.
4.  Target number one using the risk management process.
5.  Apply revised risk controls and measure results.

Energy Trace and Barrier Analysis (ETBA) is a system safety analysis tool used to identify hazards and determine the effectiveness of countermeasures employed or proposed to mitigate the risk induced by these hazards. Procedures to perform an ETBA are presented below:
1. Identify the types of energy present in the system
2. Locate energy origin and trace the flow
3. Identify and evaluate barriers
4. Determine the risk
5. Develop improved controls and implement as appropriate

The failure mode and effects analysis is a professional level hazard ID tool specifically designed to detect and evaluate the impact due to the failure of various system components. Most FMEAs have traditionally been directed at the failure of parts in mechanical system, but the tool is suitable for analyzing the failure of any component of any type of system.

Multilinear Events Sequencing should be used any time that risk levels are significant and when timing and/or time relationships may be a source of risk. The basic premise that underlies MES analysis is that both successful operations and failures are the result of processes that are comprised of interactions between events.
The MES worksheet displays the timeline of the operation across the top and the people or things down the side. The flow of events is then displayed on the worksheet showing the relationship between the people or things on a time basis. Once an operation is displayed on the worksheet, the sources of risk will be evident as the flow is examined.